John Stewart believed that music videos have the aesthetics of a TV commercial with lots of close-ups and lighting being used to focus on the star's face.
Stewart sees visual references in the video as coming from a range of sources, although the three most frequent are cinema, fashion and art photography.
His description of the music video as 'incorporating, raiding and reconstructing' is basically the essence of intertextuality, using something with which the audience may be familiar, to generate both nostalgic associations and new meanings. The video allows more access to the performer than a stage performance can. The mise-en-scene, in particular, can be used to emphasis an aspirational lifestyle.
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